Simventure business report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Simventure business report - Essay Example During the time spent utilizing the way toward utilizing this application the client will get the opportunity of survey business from a more extensive point of view and in the process obtain key attitude which is an essential to current business. Under SimVenture recreation, individuals who think inventively and along the side past their region of specialization are incredibly esteemed. Long lasting students who are versatile can quick considering the learning procedure. Progressively, associations look for basic scholars with knowledge and the capacity to reflect. In today’s business cooperative people with the capacity to recognize meaningful gestures and react likewise to those signs are in extraordinary interest, this reproduction helps in teaching this aptitudes. This learning experience energizes legitimate money related administration and effective time usage; this in the long run prompts vigorous monetary profits. There ought to be a composed exertion to assemble data about clients and the common markets. Promoting exercises inside the reenactment have various degrees of adequacy, contingent on which target fragment is chosen. Data on how compelling the movement will be in arriving at the various sections is accessible now and again, for example, Advertising, offering rates to direct the client in choosing a suitable technique to arrive at their picked showcase fragment. For the most part an expansive methodology will assist with arriving at a more prominent level of the picked showcase portion and will bring about a high number of enquiries being produced. (Thatcher 1990) This is a urgent business action for any business visionary. Investigation of the contenders is a continuous procedure which will give an away from of the shortcoming and the qualities of the contender. A portion of the advantages of leading a serious research incorporate better focusing of clients, better comprehension of the business sectors, legitimate guaging of the possibilities of the market and

Reducing prejudice in society

Decreasing bias in the public arena A significant issue despite everything happening in todays society is partiality. We can watch this in the wide scopes of proof accessible. . It is as yet answered to be in any foundation, for example, school or work and can be gained from how we see others. The present paper means to investigate and change the writing that can be found encompassing the subject. Preference and separation are an impression of how others react to individuals of another gathering and mirror their full of feeling, social and subjective responses to the individuals inside these various gatherings. The writing encompassing this point is tremendous, so this audit will concentrate on a particular strand accumulated from the writing encompassing bias and focus on preference decrease inside society. Where does it start? There is a negative idea design that happens in youth as indicated by Klein (1992.) Media and books contain generalizing and along these lines it is this that makes the establishment for prejudicing happening in grown-ups. Degner and Wentura (2010) did an investigation that took a gander at the programmed actuation of preference in youngsters and teenagers (9 years to 15 years.) There was a persistent example proposing a straight formative increment of programmed partiality with noteworthy impacts of outgroup cynicism which just showed up encompassing 12 to multi year olds. Be that as it may, aftereffects of more youthful kids demonstrated no sign of programmed bias enactment. These outcomes propose that despite the fact that kids are accepted to secure preference at a lot more youthful ages, automatization of negative perspectives likely could be identified with formative procedures in early puberty. What society sees as lovely is constrained by the media through magazines and so fo rth. An article called Preventing Prejudice: A Guide for Counselors, Educators, and Parents, composed by Ponterotto, Utsey, and Pedersen (2006) gave a helpful understanding. This bit of writing covers a scope of points on decreasing preference, one being the jobs and obligations of those in a situation to diminish partiality, for example, instructors and guides and so on. This is a view which is additionally shared by numerous others, who concur that the study hall is the place the early indications of bias are seen and it is there that they ought to be lightened. This would be an immediate methodology by the instructor. Pate (1995) accepted that the instructor ought to train the understudies to partake in hostile to partiality programs by perusing useful books on the subject, coordinating a week by week class to illuminate the understudies and such different exercises. Anyway Pate admitted this was not a fruitful strategy as understudies may resent the guidelines and along these lines re inforcing a partiality hence, postponed measures are the main goals to make a demeanor change with the immediate methodology being utilized over the long haul. Instructors have the force and intends to actualize preference decrease procedures. This is an announcement many case, for example, Dessel (2010), and could be seen as being straight forward and valid. Notwithstanding, there is as yet an absence of exhibit of this in real life as something which can be rehashed in any school. Again other writing from Pate shows that the subjective approachs guideline is that individuals can diminish partiality in the event that they find out about different gatherings and think all the more unmistakably. Pate (1995) expressed that different mediation endeavors which incorporate; sympathy just as an expansion in information and thought of different gatherings, distinctive in a few different ways from the understudies, are powerful. Different investigations likewise share this view about the viability of the subjective methodology in partiality decrease. For example, Katz and Zalk (1978) found the capacity to perceive and acknowledge contrasts among pa rt gatherings could advance bias decrease. Other study hall approaches may likewise work in lessening bias. A few instances of this option are; semantics, counter-generalization approach, social submersion, the investigation of social human studies, creating instructional materials and worth explanation (Pate, 1995). The normal issue is as yet an absence of proof and configuration imperfections. Bigler (1999) noticed that partiality decrease inquire about has experienced confinements because of issues with the plan of numerous investigations. A portion of these incorporate an excessively oversimplified model, predisposition in the estimating of perspectives and a need for longitudinal examinations so as to learn if there are any supportable impacts from the decrease procedures. A few investigations in the writing have really revealed that, despite the fact that systems are executed for decreasing bias, there are upsetting impacts . . . of expanded racial predisposition among youngsters (Bigler 1999.) Copious measures of writing show projects and plans of how they can hypothetically lessen partiality since the beginning, for example, Weston (1990.) The examination asserted that painstakingly picked decrease strategies joined into the present educational program can diminish preference. This anyway is guaranteed by numerous scholars in various manners, despite the fact that the investigation didnt demonstrate to have any legitimate proof to back up the hypothesis. Different analysts have conceded there is a redundancy in the rules with respect to how we can lessen preference. Work completed by Parrens (2007) gives a decent foundation on preference and is canny expressing that the decrease of threatening partiality is the obligation of society. Anyway this examination comes up short on the nearness of new research, as much as of now exists in the tremendous measure of writing accessible. All things being equal, it highlights a few components which have been raised before to diminish bias however underlines another significance of these elements where they had beforehand not been considered generously significant and talks about them further. The concentration in a great part of the writing was on mediation in early youngsters to annihilate preference; anyway this center has been altered to guarantee the consideration of how social inspirational procedures and different parts of a childs social associations can impact them in their mentality tow ards bias. (Social Identity Development Theory (SIDT), (Davis et al 2007). A significant part of the writing incorporates speculations to diminish bias; anyway Dovidio Gaertner (1993) found that the conventional strategies and methods remembered for such writing may not really be compelling in lessening partiality. As demonstrated by the material accessible in brain research, intergroup contact is by all accounts a basic methods for diminishing preference. Allports (1954) contact hypothesis contends that four significant conditions must be met to adequately lessen partiality. Pettigrew (1998) developed Allports hypothesis in his intergroup contact hypothesis by including another state of companionship potential. Ideal intergroup contact requires time for cross-bunch companionships to create (Pettigrew, 1998) An investigation was directed to analyze the contention and preference among Israelis and Palestinians. The current preference here was accounted for to have encouraged the turn of events and safeguarding of two significant gatherings living in direct opposition and threat. Stephen et al (2004) led such investigations. In spite of the fact that the examination appears to be encouraging in its push to endeavor to demoralize and evacuate biased generalizing in little gatherings, writing has a few confinements which should be considered. It concentrated principally on diminishing bias among Israelis and Palestinians. This along these lines summons worry with regards to whether there can be a speculation towards strife in different populaces. Every populace is unique and diverse fundamental issues exist, in this way the referenced intercessions may not really be proper to all populaces, prompting a potential prerequisite for modifying as per the populace. The writing additionally vacilla ted in its absence of longitudinal research. From the investigation the outcomes showed wanted impacts; anyway these could very well just be present moment. Bargal (2008) contemplated for receiving a long-go explore configuration, checking the examination after some time, instead of it being a transient mediation. Clearly, more research is required around there so as to decide if these intercessions talked about, offer dependable impacts regarding compromise and decreasing generalizations and preference adequately. End A large portion of the writing educates us that the study hall is the best spot to lessen preference because of the earliness of which it is perceived and can be controlled. This at that point recommends that the understudies can learn sympathy and other attractive feelings towards the individuals who are diverse to them which could prompt superfluous sentiments of us versus them,a exemplary in-bunch versus out-bunch circumstance. As indicated by writing, by the age of 10 a kid may rapidly build up a biased demeanor because of this getting independent (Yee and Brown (1992), Rutland (1999) and Rutland et al (2005.) However, to approve this case, more research ought to be directed with a specific fixation on the age contrasts and nature at home, which may raise antagonistic mentalities, thus fortifying a partiality propensity. The writing should utilize to a greater extent a subjective based technique and information, instead of the huge measure of quantitative information, to decide w hether the outcomes fortify the current records. Again since the fundamental decrease techniques are inadequately bolstered by legitimate investigations, they are only recommendations, deficiently sponsored up by explore. The investigations on these methodologies are unclear, lacking required points of interest on certain concentrates, for example, sex, age and individual foundation. Future examinations should plan to remember a bigger concentration for procedures including instruction and evoking discretion and ought to especially endeavor to allude to various kinds of race and ethnicity. One such bit of writing appeared to show the best comprehension of partiality decrease strategies by offering field tried apparatuses to decide approaches to diminish it. This was composed by Ponterotto et al (2006) as discusse

How to Relieve Stress With Bathtub Meditation

How to Relieve Stress With Bathtub Meditation Meditation Print How to Relieve Stress With Bathtub Meditation By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on December 05, 2019 How Stress Impacts Your Health Overview Signs of Burnout Stress and Weight Gain Benefits of Exercise Stress Reduction Tips Self-Care Practices Mindful Living stevecoleimages/Getty Images Meditation is a powerful stress reliever and a habit that can lead to resilience to stress and increased inner peace. While this may not come as a surprise, if youre like most people, youre aware that meditation can be helpful but you have trouble making it a daily habitâ€"life gets in the way! This is okay to an extent; practicing meditation once can be helpful. However, to gain the full benefit of meditation in terms of creating resilience and a lasting sense of peace, it should be practiced regularly. There are many different ways to experience the benefits of meditation, and having more options at your disposal can mean that the practice is easier to maintain on a regular basis. One soothing method is to meditate in the bath. The Benefits of Meditation for Stress Management Steps and Tips for Performing a Bathtub Meditation A bath meditation combines the standard benefits of meditation with the benefits of a relaxing, hot bath, which can soothe tired muscles, provide a calming atmosphere, and allow a temporary feeling of escape from stressors. This is a habit thats easy to practice on a nightly basis. How do you make a bath meditation effective? Here are some things to keep in mind. Make Time Block off at least 15 minutes where you won’t be interrupted. That means creating a few extra minutes in your schedule, putting the phone straight to voicemail, telling others in your household not to disturb you unless it’s an emergency. Whatever you need to do to set personal boundaries and block off the time, it should be worth the effort.   Use Aromatherapy Bath Products As you run the bath, you may want to incorporate some of the benefits of aromatherapy by using bubble-bath or bath oils scented with lavender (shown to be relaxing), peppermint (if you want to feel more alert), or another scent that you really like (studies show that subjectively pleasing scents bring stress relief benefits, too). This way you can add another layer of stress relief with no additional effort. Get in and Relax Let your breathing become slower and deeper, allowing your belly to rise and fall with each breath (instead of your shoulders or chest). This type of breathing is more natural and can help turn off your stress response if it was still triggered from earlier in the day. Focus on Sensations Now just focus on the sensations you feel in your bodyâ€"the warmth of the water on your skin, the pressure of the tub against your backâ€"and let go of all other thoughts. Try to keep your mind quiet and your attention focused on only the present moment. Stay In The Present If you find thoughts of the past, the future, or any form of internal dialogue happening, gently redirect your attention to the present moment. Continue for several minutes, and you should feel soothed and relaxed quickly. Tips If you’re new to meditation, you may want to try the meditation part of it for 5 or 10 minutes at first and work your way up. (Time spent in the tubâ€"in meditation or notâ€"should still be relaxing enough.)If you find it difficult to keep your mind completely clear, you may want to try a mantra meditation. This is a form of meditation where you focus on repeating a sound or phrase over and over. It can be a nice alternative for those who become frustrated by a mental voice that wants to keep talking.You can also add music as a focal point for your meditation with the Musical Bath Meditation.  This can increase your relaxation, as music brings its own benefits for stress management. If youre really tired, you may want to choose a different type of meditationâ€"you dont want to risk falling asleep in the tub. A Word From Verywell Experimenting with different types of meditation can help you to find multiple favorite stress relief strategies, and can make it easier to make meditation an ongoing habit, reaping the resiliency benefits in the process.

Jackson Surname Meaning and Origin

The  patronymic surname  Jackson means son of Jack. The personal/given name Jack may have derived from one of several sources. Perhaps it was derived from the name Jackin, a medieval diminutive of the name John, itself the  English form of  Iohannes, which is Latin for the Greek name  ÃŽâ„¢Ãâ€°ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ·Ãâ€šÃ‚  (Ioannes), initially derived from the Hebrew name יוÖ ¹Ã—â€"Ö ¸Ã—  Ã– ¸Ã—Ÿ (Yohanan). Yohanan means Jehovah has favored, or more loosely gift of God. Because Jack relates to John, Jackson is related to the surname Johnson. The other option for Jackson is as a possible a derivation of the Old French given name Jacque, French for the English name Jacob. The name derives from the Latin Jacobus which, in turn, derives from the  Hebrew personal name ×™Ö ·Ã— ¢Ã– ²Ã— §Ã– ¹Ã—‘  (Yaaqov). Fast Facts: Jackson Origin:  English, ScottishAlternate Spellings:  Jackson, Jacksen, Jacson, Jaxon, and Jaxson Where Are the Jacksons Found? Jackson is reliably found among the top twenty last names in the U.S. According to  WorldNames public profiler, the Jackson surname is found in the greatest numbers in the U.K. and Australia. It is most prevalent in northern England, especially Cumbria county. The name is also popular in the U.S., especially in Washington D.C. and the southeastern states of Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, and Louisiana. Famous People with the Surname JACKSON Andrew Jackson: 7th President of the United StatesMichael Jackson: American pop singerAugustus Jackson: creator of several ice cream recipes and inventor of an improved method of manufacturing ice cream ca. 1832Quinton Rampage Jackson: American professional mixed martial arts fighterThomas Stonewall Jackson: Confederate general in the U.S. Civil WarConrad Feger Jackson:  Union Army general in the American Civil War Genealogy Resources for the Jackson Name Jackson Family Genealogy: A source dedicated to the descendants of Robert Jackson, who arrived in Massachusetts with his father circa 1630.Jackson Project: A source for researching family tree information, reading biographies, checking out DNA results, or submitting your own DNA to learn more about your own Jackson ancestors.Jackson Family Genealogy Forum: A message board where Jacksons post their queries and find others researching ancestryJackson Family Tree at Genealogy Today: A collection of genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical files for Jacksons Resources and Further Reading Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004.Cottle, Basil. The Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Penguin, 1987.Hanks, Patrick, and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University, 1989.Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University, 2003.Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German-Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005.Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing, 2003.

Cis 324 Computer Ethics - 2250 Words

Ethics of Peer to Peer downloading and Sharing Strayer University Abstract In the short time that computers and internet have existed in the modern era, the world has seen a complete 360 degree turn and in the various forms of electronic entertainment that people all over the world are now using. In the days before CD’s, DVD’s and the internet, not much was said if a vinyl album (remember these?), VHS cassette (or these?) or an audio cassette was loaned to a friend for their listening / viewing pleasure, but today with the availability of sending an email with three or four megabytes (mb) of information, one can enjoy a borrowed song but is assumed that it is piracy or stealing. Is this a fair assumption? This Author will not give†¦show more content†¦This is where the dilemma starts. As time has passed and technologies have become available to the average people of the world, including those with lesser amounts of disposable money, the ability to â€Å"share or loan† electronic material has become increasingly popular. The que stion still remains in the mind of this author; what is the difference between sharing and audio cassette with a friend and sharing an MP3 that has been legally copied from disk or downloaded from Itunes? In the eyes of many people, there is not a difference in these two concepts. In the eyes of many, the concept of sharing a MP3 is that same as sharing a cassette but has followed the theory of evolution and grown from the era of physical items, like cassettes, and evolved to the electronic media market. This sharing concept brings forth another question. Why did music industry and other various media companies not try to enforce the existing laws when it was only video and audio cassettes? Could it be that â€Å"back in the day†, the number of cassettes / albums being shared were not near the numbers of electronic media being shared today? This seems to be the probable answer because to share a cassette or album there needs to be some form of physical contact between the two participants and to share electronic media the two participants can beShow MoreRelatedSocial Engineering2447 Words   |  10 PagesIdentity Theft: Social Engineering December 5, 2011 Daniel Sama amp; Stacey Smith Sr Computer Ethics CIS-324, Fall 2011 Strayer University Identity Theft: Social Engineering December 5, 2011 Daniel Sama amp; Stacey Smith Sr Computer Ethics CIS-324, Fall 2011 Strayer University Abstract Social Engineering from the outset may seem like a topic one might hear when talking about sociology or psychology, when in fact it is a form of identity theft. 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God and Man Benedict Spinoza Free Essays

Since the alienation is made without reservation, the union is as perfect as possible, and no associate has anything further to demand; When the social compact is violated each person then regains his first rights and resumes his natural liberty while losing the conventional liberty for which he renounced it; Albert Camus (The Myth of Sisyphus) The gods had condemned Sisyphus to ceaselessly rolling a rock to the top of a mountain whence the stone would fall back of its own weight; If one believes Homer, Sisyphus was wisest and most prudent of mortals and according to another tradition, however, ne was disposed to practice the protession ot highwayman; Opinions d as to the reasons why he became the futile laborer of the underworld; To begin with, he is accused of certain levity in regard to the Gods; Homer tells us that Sisyphus had put Death in chains He dispatched the god of war, who liberated Death from the hands of her conqueror; He wanted to test his wife’s love so he ordered her to cast his unburied body into the middle of the public square; He is much through to his passions as through his torture; His scorn of the Gods, his hatred of death and his passion for life won him that unspeakable penalty in which the whole being is exerted toward accomplishing nothing; Myths are made for the imagination to breathe life into them; If this myth is tragic, that is because its hero is conscious; But it is tragic only at the rare moments when it becomes conscious. Sisyphus, proletarian of the gods; powerless and rebellious, knows the whole extent of his wretched condition; He too concludes that all is well. This universe henceforth without a master seems to him neither sterile nor futile; The struggle itself toward the heights is enough to fill a man’s heart; Simone de Beauvoir (The Second Sex) Those who are condemned to stagnation are often pronounced happy on the pretext that happiness consists in bein g at rest. We will write a custom essay sample on God and Man Benedict Spinoza or any similar topic only for you Order Now This notion that we reject, for our perspective is that of existentialist ethics; Present existence can only be Justified by ts expansion towards an indefinitely open future; Every time transcendence falls back into immanence, existence is degraded into an en soi(in itself), and freedom into facticity; Every individual concerned to Justify his or her existence experiences it as an undefined urge to transcend himself or herself; Woman is a free and autonomous being like all human nevertheless finds herself and chooses herself within a world where men compel her to assume the status of the Other; Biologically – The more separate the female individual, the more imperiously does continuity of life assert tself against her separateness. Historically is when sub-species of humans are brought together each aspires to impose its sovereignty upon the other. If both are able to resist this imposition there is created between them a reciprocal relation sometimes in enmity, sometimes in a mity but always in a state of tension. Ontologically is when man never thinks â€Å"self† without thinking â€Å"other†; he views the world wider the sign of duality, a polarity which is not at first sexual in character. Miguel de Unamuno The man of flesh and bone; the man who is born, suffers, and dies; the man who eats nd drinks and plays and sleeps and thinks and wills; the man who is seen and heard; the brother, the real brother; He is the legendary featherless biped, the social contractor for Rousseau, the homo economicus of the Manchester school, The home sapiens of Linnaeus, or, if you like, the vertical mammal; This concrete man, this man of flesh and bone, is at once the subject and the supreme object of philosophy, whether certain self-styled philosophers like it or not; Philosophy answers to our need of forming a complete and unitary conception of the world and of life, and as a esult of this conception, a feeling which gives birth to an inward attitude and even to outward action; The philosophy of this man Kant, a man of heart and head that is to say, a man there is a significant somersault, as Kierkegaard, another man would have said, the somersault ot the Critique ot Pure reason to the Critique ot Practical reason; This transition of Kant exists already in embryo in the Lutheran notion of faith; The first God, the rational God, is the projection to the outward infinite of man as he is by definition, that is to say, of the abstract man, of the man no-man; The other God, the God of feeling and volition, is the projection to the inward infinite of man as he is by life, of the concrete man, the man flesh and bone; Whosoever reads the Critique of Practical Reason carefully and without blinkers will see that, in strict fact, the existence of God is therein deduced from the immortality of the soul, and not the immortality of the soul from the existence of God; All the rest is the Jugglery of the professional of philosophy How to cite God and Man Benedict Spinoza, Papers

Mandela Essays - Xhosa People, National Liberation Movements

Mandela Nelson Mandela Nelson Mandelas greatest achievements were that of turning around the African National Congress and winning the Nobel Peace prize for his fight to abolish the Apartheid system in South Africa. The African National Congress was established in 1912, and in 1919 they organized their first public action, though unfortunately it resulted in the arrest of several hundred people. Nelson Mandela joined the African National Congress in 1944, at a time when the abolishment of the Apartheid was just talk. Also in 1944, in hopes to pull younger people into the African National Congress the ANC youth league was formed. de Klerk unbanned a number of organisations including the ANC and the South Africa Communist Party in February of that year. Nelson Mandela was released, and soon elected president of the ANC who four years later swept to power with a 63% majority in the first free elections. Mandela was elected President of South Africa Colonial South African Native National Congress (renamed the African National Congress in 1923). They hoped to fight racist laws by building solidarity among South Africa's diverse and sometimes warring African societies. Seme's speech to the founding convention, in which he addressed chiefs of royal blood and gentlemen of our race, suggested the aristocratic nature of the group's original leadership. The ANC intially fought the color bar through legal and constitutional means, mostly petitions, speeches, and publicity drives. These efforts accomplished relatively little, but for several years the ANC membership resisted a more radical approach. In 1930 it expelled its president J. T. Gunmede because he advocated cooperation with the South African Communist Party. More an intellectual movement than a political or popular force, the ANC was almost completely inactive for the next decade. During the 1940s, a period of unprecedented trade union activism in rapidly industrializing South Africa, the ANC was revived. Its new president, Dr. Alfred Xuma, worked with the Communist Party to draft a set of demands, including full political rights for Africans. He also organized protests against the hated pass laws, but his overall caution disappointed a new generation of activists. In 1943 young ANC members, including Nelson Mandela, Oliver Tambo, Walter Sisulu, and Anton Lembede, formed the ANC Congress Youth League (ANC-CYL). Their passion and political savvy drove the ANC for the next 50 years. In 1949, a year after the newly elected National Party government began implementing its apartheid policies, the CYL took over the ANC leadership. Influenced by the principles of nonviolent action and passive resistance pioneered by Indian nationalist leader Mohandas K. Gandhi, in 1952 the ANC drafted the Defiance Campaign against Unjust Laws. The campaign's strikes, boycotts, and other acts of civil disobedience did not result in any legislative reforms, but they did help swell ANC membership from about 7000 to 100,000 members within a few months. In addition, the campaign ushered in a new era of cooperation with antiapartheid groups representing other racial constituencies, such as the Coloured People's Congress, the South African Indian Congress, and the mostly white Congress of Democrats. These groups, together with the ANC, formed the Congress Alliance, which met in 1955 to draft the Freedom Charter. The Charter called for multiracialism, economic equality, and full democratic rights for all South Africans, and was adopted by the ANC as its official program in 1956. Even as the ANC's membership and alliances grew, however, the organization faced new challenges. Increased harassment by the government resulted in treason charges against 156 members, and helped provoke the defection of several ANC leaders, who subsequently founded the more militant, black-only, Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC) in 1959. The struggle against apartheid intensified after March 21, 1960, when police opened fire on a group of unarmed protesters at a PAC anti-pass demonstration in Sharpeville, a black township south of Johannesburg. Riots ensued, and the government banned both the PAC and the ANC. Operating underground, Mandela and other ANC leaders concluded that the time had come to meet government violence with armed resistance. While ANC President Albert Luthuli refused to renounce pacifism, he gave permission for Mandela, Tambo, and longtime ANC associate and Communist Party leader Joe Slovo to form a separate paramilitary organization. Umkhonto we Sizwe, the spear of the nation, was launched in December 1961. Although